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The mean and s.e
2019;181:R21134
Other groups who may benefit include: Patients following gastric surgery (gastrectomy, bariatric procedures) where intrinsic factor production or absorption sites are compromised Individuals with malabsorption disorders such as Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or chronic pancreatitis Strict vegans and vegetarians with dietary insufficiency, though oral supplementation is usually tried first Elderly patients with atrophic gastritis or reduced gastric acid production Patients on long-term metformin or proton pump inhibitors, which can impair B12 absorption [6] [8] Individuals with nitrous oxide exposure (recreational or medical), which can cause functional B12 deficiency Diagnosis typically involves serum B12 measurement, with levels below approximately 148 pmol/L (though thresholds vary between laboratories) generally indicating deficiency
Identify Gaps: Audits help pinpoint areas where protocols are not being followed or where existing procedures are insufficient
Cons: Curcumin is poorly absorbed on its own
Unlike finasteride, which is contraindicated for women of childbearing age, peptides do not interfere with systemic hormone levels, making them a safer alternative for female hair loss treatment
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