FA uptake and transport In ECs, long-chain FAs (LCFAs, consisting of 1220 carbons) are taken up from the circulation and transported across plasma membranes by a set of specific proteins, including lipoprotein lipase (LPL), glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), FA transport proteins (FATPs), and FA-binding proteins (FABPs) [81]
Contraindications Pregnancy and lactation: individual case reports suggest safety during pregnancy (de Bruyn 2015), however data which mainly include in vivo studies (Xi 2008) are insufficient
Result: p53 nuclear exclusion, mitochondrial translocation, and apoptosis
Mitochondrial Support Phase (as indicated) If clinical signs or organic acids testing suggest mitochondrial weakness, add L-carnitine and Activated CoQ10
Pham, B
PEAs documented anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective effects make it a versatile ingredient with broad therapeutic applications