Ziaee SA, Moradi A, Fateh M, Moghaddam SM
It activates gene expression pathways involved in collagen production, tissue regeneration, and hair follicle stimulation
Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
Studies specifically examining oral BPC-157 bioavailability in humans do not exist in peer-reviewed literature
Biesalski, H.K
doi: 10.1134/S000629792003013X 141